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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

172.6K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
172.6K
Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

21.7K
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
21.7K
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

2.2K
Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
2.2K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.0K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.0K
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

58.0K
A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
58.0K
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

9.9K
Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
9.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization
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Performance of Saturated Riparian Buffers in Iowa, USA.

D B Jaynes, T M Isenhart

    Journal of Environmental Quality
    |April 6, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) effectively remove nitrate (NO) from agricultural tile drainage, preventing it from entering surface waters. This study shows SRBs are a cost-effective practice for improving water quality in tile-drained landscapes.

    Area of Science:

    • Agricultural Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Water Quality Management

    Background:

    • Nitrate (NO) from agricultural tile drainage is a significant pollutant in surface waters.
    • Artificial drainage systems exacerbate nutrient runoff, impacting aquatic ecosystems.
    • Saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) offer a novel approach to intercept and treat tile drainage.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) in removing nitrate (NO) from agricultural tile drainage.
    • To quantify the NO removal performance and cost-effectiveness of SRBs across multiple sites and years.
    • To assess the potential of SRBs as a water quality improvement practice in tile-drained agricultural landscapes.

    Main Methods:

    • Monitored water flow and nitrate (NO) concentrations at tile outlets and within SRBs across six Iowa sites (17 site-years).

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  • Calculated annual NO load removal, removal effectiveness, and average removal rates.
  • Assessed the economic viability of SRBs by computing annual costs and cost per unit of NO removed.

    • Main Results:

    • All tested SRBs demonstrated effectiveness in removing NO from tile drainage, with average annual NO load removal ranging from 13 to 179 kg N.
    • Annual NO removal effectiveness varied from 8% to 84%, with an average removal rate of 0.040 g N m⁻² d⁻¹.
    • The computed mean annual cost for SRBs was US$213.83, equating to $2.94 kg N removed, a competitive rate compared to other edge-of-field practices.

    Conclusions:

    • Saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) are a highly effective practice for reducing nitrate (NO) loads in surface waters from agricultural tile drainage.
    • SRBs provide a cost-effective solution for nitrate mitigation, comparable to denitrification bioreactors and constructed wetlands.
    • SRBs represent a promising and sustainable strategy for improving water quality in agricultural landscapes with artificial drainage systems.