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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

172.6K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
172.6K
Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

21.7K
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
21.7K
Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

2.2K
Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak...
2.2K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.0K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.0K
Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

58.0K
A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
58.0K
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

9.9K
Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
9.9K

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Estimating Sediment Denitrification Rates Using Cores and N2O Microsensors
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In Situ Denitrification in Saturated Riparian Buffers.

Tyler A Groh, Morgan P Davis, Thomas M Isenhart

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    |April 6, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Saturated riparian buffers effectively remove nitrate from agricultural runoff, with denitrification converting nitrate to nitrogen gas. Denitrification was a major factor in nitrate removal, especially in the upper soil layers.

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    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Soil Science
    • Water Quality Management

    Background:

    • Excess nitrate (NO) leaching from agricultural areas like the Midwest contributes to water quality issues, including drinking water contamination and Gulf of Mexico hypoxia.
    • Edge-of-field practices are crucial for mitigating nitrate (NO) runoff into surface waters.
    • Microbial denitrification is a key process for converting nitrate (NO) to nitrogen gas, thereby removing it from water.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess denitrification rates in saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) as an edge-of-field practice for nitrate (NO) removal.
    • To quantify the percentage of nitrate (NO) load removed by SRBs and the contribution of denitrification to this removal.
    • To investigate the influence of factors like buffer age and soil depth on denitrification efficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Two saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) were monitored for two years, and a third for one year, totaling five sample years.
    • Tile drainage water rich in nitrate (NO) was diverted into the riparian buffer soils.
    • Denitrification rates were measured, and the total nitrate (NO) removed by the SRBs was calculated.

    Main Results:

    • SRBs removed between 27% and 96% of the total diverted nitrate (NO) load.
    • Measured denitrification rates accounted for 3.7% to 77.3% of the total nitrate (NO) removed annually.
    • In three out of five sample years, denitrification fully accounted for the nitrate (NO) removal, confirming its dominant role.
    • Considering the top 20 cm of soil, denitrification accounted for 33% to over 100% of the total nitrate (NO) removed.

    Conclusions:

    • Saturated riparian buffers (SRBs) are effective edge-of-field practices for significant nitrate (NO) removal from agricultural drainage.
    • Denitrification is a primary mechanism driving nitrate (NO) removal in SRBs, particularly in the upper soil horizons.
    • Buffer age may enhance denitrification rates, and both nitrate (NO) and carbon availability could potentially limit denitrification in these systems.