Do the global lung function initiative reference equations reflect a sample of adult Middle Eastern population?
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Three-Dimensional Phase Resolved Functional Lung Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Published on: June 21, 2024
Walid A Al-Qerem1, Alaa M Hammad1, Rania A AlQirem1
1Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Introduction:
The global lung function initiative (GLI) 2012 introduced new multi-ethnic spirometry reference values for numerous ethnicities.
Objectives:
The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of the GLI reference values for the adult Jordanian population.
Methods:
About 1875 (1029 females and 846 males) healthy non-smoking adults were enrolled from several locations in Jordan. Spirometry tests were performed. z-scores and predicted normal values were calculated for each participant using GLI 2012 equations in addition to other local equations from the Middle East.
Results:
Our results indicated that none of the GLI 2012 or other regional equations studied produced an acceptable fit to our data.
Conclusion:
A need to formulate a specific equation for the Jordanian population is urgently required to better evaluate their respiratory conditions.
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