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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health
  • Water Quality

Background:

  • Lead exposure is a significant public health concern.
  • Identifying plumbing materials is crucial for understanding lead release and guiding remediation.
  • Flint, Michigan experienced a drinking water crisis due to lead contamination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control treatment in Flint's drinking water.
  • To identify lead sources within household plumbing and service lines.
  • To assess the impact of lead service line removal on lead levels.

Main Methods:

  • Sequential water sampling (profiling) was conducted over 11 months.
  • Corrosion control treatment was adjusted by increasing orthophosphate dosage.
  • Lead service lines (LSLs) were removed in targeted locations.

Main Results:

  • Lead levels in homes decreased over the 11-month evaluation period.
  • Brass fittings, brass fixtures, and galvanized pipes were identified as lead sources.
  • Lead service lines (LSLs) were the most significant source of lead when present.
  • Lead service line removal reduced total lead mass in drinking water by 86% on average.

Conclusions:

  • Corrosion control strategies, including orthophosphate treatment, can reduce lead levels over time.
  • Lead service lines are the predominant source of lead in drinking water.
  • Lead service line replacement is a highly effective strategy for mitigating lead exposure.