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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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In classical mechanics, motion is often described through relationships between spatial coordinates and time. A car moving along a straight highway with constant acceleration serves as a simple case where velocity is an explicit function of time. This scenario results in a linear equation, enabling straightforward analysis using basic differentiation techniques.In contrast, a satellite in circular orbit follows a path defined by an implicit function. The position of the satellite is constrained...
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Curves defined implicitly, where variables cannot be separated algebraically, require specialized techniques for analysis. The conchoid of Nicomedes exemplifies such a case. Its equation links x and y in a way that prevents isolation of one variable, making implicit differentiation essential to determine the slope and behavior at any point on the curve.The implicit form of the conchoid can be expressed as:To differentiate this equation, y is treated as a function of x, and the chain rule is...
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Elliptical arches are fundamental in architectural and structural engineering, offering aesthetic appeal and structural efficiency. The shape of an elliptical arch follows a constrained geometric relationship where the height and horizontal position are implicitly related. This means that the height y cannot be explicitly expressed as a function of the horizontal position x, necessitating implicit differentiation for slope and curvature analysis.The equation of an ellipse centered at the origin...
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Implicit personality theory explains how individuals make assumptions about the relationships between personality traits, behaviors, and character types. When people learn that someone possesses a particular trait, they tend to infer the presence of other related characteristics, forming a cohesive impression. This cognitive shortcut plays a crucial role in social interactions and interpersonal judgments.Central Traits and Their InfluenceSolomon Asch's seminal 1946 study highlighted the power...
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Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
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Nocebo hyperalgesia induced by implicit conditioning.

Anne-Kathrin Bräscher1, Michael Witthöft1

  • 1Department for Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
|April 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Implicit conditioning of nocebo hyperalgesia is feasible using supraliminal cues, influencing pain perception and electrodermal activity. This suggests that nocebo effects can be conditioned without conscious awareness, with significant clinical implications.

Keywords:
Contingency awarenessElectrodermal activityImplicit conditioningNocebo effectPain perception

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Nocebo hyperalgesia, or increased pain sensitivity due to negative expectations, is typically linked to conscious awareness.
  • Previous studies explored subliminal conditioning, but its practical implications and feasibility with non-face stimuli remained unclear.
  • This research investigated implicit conditioning of nocebo hyperalgesia using supraliminal, non-face visual cues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if nocebo hyperalgesia can be implicitly conditioned using supraliminal visual cues.
  • To assess the impact of implicit conditioning on pain perception (intensity and aversiveness) and electrodermal activity.
  • To explore the role of contingency awareness in the conditioned nocebo effects.

Main Methods:

  • Implicit differential conditioning involved pairing high and low painful electric stimuli with distinct visual cues (CS+/CS-) in 48 healthy participants.
  • Participants rated the intensity and aversiveness of low painful stimuli presented with either CS+ or CS-.
  • Electrodermal activity (skin conductance) was measured, and contingency awareness was assessed via a behavioral test and questionnaire.

Main Results:

  • A significant conditioned effect was observed in pain aversiveness ratings (p=.036), but not in intensity ratings (p=.195).
  • Increased skin conductance levels in response to the conditioned stimulus (CS+) emerged, independent of contingency awareness (p=.014).
  • No conditioned responses were found in skin conductance responses (SCRs) (p=.872).

Conclusions:

  • The study provides evidence for the feasibility of implicit conditioning of nocebo hyperalgesia using supraliminal cues and a novel experimental design.
  • Conditioned effects were observed in pain aversiveness and electrodermal activity, suggesting implicit learning influences pain perception.
  • These findings indicate that implicitly conditioned nocebo effects may be underestimated and hold significant clinical relevance for pain management.