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Pacifying Hunter-Gatherers.

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  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA. rhames@unl.edu.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Warfare was more frequent and intense in hunter-gatherer societies than previously argued, challenging the view of peaceful primitive humans. However, hunter-gatherers developed unique social structures enabling peaceful coexistence.

Keywords:
ChimpanzeesComparative researchHunter-gatherersPeaceWar

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Archaeology

Background:

  • Debate exists on the frequency and intensity of warfare in hunter-gatherer societies versus larger societies.
  • Rousseauian view: warfare was rare and a late invention.
  • Hobbesian view: violence was common but variable among hunter-gatherers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically analyze arguments about hunter-gatherer warfare frequency and intensity.
  • To compare warfare in hunter-gatherer, horticultural, and large-scale societies.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance of warfare and peaceful coexistence.

Main Methods:

  • Critical analysis of existing ethnographic and archaeological evidence.
  • Comparative analysis of warfare intensity across different societal scales.
  • Review of arguments concerning the origins and prevalence of warfare.

Main Results:

  • Arguments downplaying hunter-gatherer warfare frequency and intensity were found to be lacking.
  • Empirical data indicates hunter-gatherer warfare is more frequent and intense than in large-scale societies.
  • Horticultural societies exhibit higher warfare intensity than hunter-gatherers.

Conclusions:

  • Warfare is a primitive trait potentially shared with early hominids.
  • The capacity for peaceful coexistence is a derived trait distinguishing humans from chimpanzees.
  • Hunter-gatherer societies demonstrate a unique ability for peace despite potential conflict.