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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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The human body consists of an intricate network of veins responsible for the crucial task of blood drainage from the lower limbs. These veins can be categorized into two main types: deep veins and superficial veins.
Formed by the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, the posterior tibial vein, rising through the calf muscle, assimilates the fibular vein. The anterior tibial vein, a superior extension of the foot's dorsalis pedis vein, merges with the posterior tibial vein at the...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Post-Stroke Upper Limb Rehabilitation with Robotic Technologies for Improved Motor Recovery and Functional Outcomes
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Robotics for Lower Limb Rehabilitation.

Alberto Esquenazi1, Mukul Talaty1

  • 1MossRehab Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, 60 Township Line, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|April 8, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Robotic lower limb gait rehabilitation devices automate repetitive training for neurologic gait impairment. Further research and technical improvements are needed for optimal therapeutic applications and device functionality.

Keywords:
End-effector devicesGait rehabilitationTethered exoskeletonsUntethered exoskeletons

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Robotics
  • Neurorehabilitation Engineering
  • Biomechanics and Motor Control

Background:

  • Improving walking function is crucial for social and vocational reintegration in individuals with neurologic gait impairment.
  • Robotic devices offer automated, labor-intensive training solutions for neurorehabilitation.
  • Current robotic systems include tethered exoskeletons, end-effector devices, and untethered exoskeletons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing robotic technologies for lower limb gait rehabilitation.
  • To identify areas for future research and technical development in rehabilitation robotics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of tethered exoskeletons, end-effector devices, and untethered exoskeletons for lower limb gait rehabilitation.
  • Brief mention of patient-guided suspension systems.

Main Results:

  • The review covers three main categories of robotic gait rehabilitation devices.
  • Research is necessary to fully establish the therapeutic applications of these robotic systems.
  • Untethered robotic devices require further advancements in size, controls, and battery life.

Conclusions:

  • Robotic lower limb gait rehabilitation shows promise for automating training.
  • Continued research and technological innovation are essential for maximizing the effectiveness of these devices.
  • Future development should focus on enhancing the practicality and performance of untethered robotic systems.