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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Evaluation of Right Ventricular Function in Experimental Models of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Published on: June 27, 2025

Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation.

Angela Selzer¹, Mona Sarkiss²

¹Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado, 12401 East 17th Avenue, 7th floor, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America

|April 9, 2019

Summary

Preanesthesia evaluation identifies patient conditions and risks. This guide details comprehensive preoperative assessments for all patients, with a focus on those with pulmonary diseases.

Keywords:

Preoperative evaluation Preoperative risk assessment Preoperative testing Pulmonary disease

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Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

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Published on: June 27, 2025

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Published on: August 26, 2025

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Pulmonology
Internal Medicine

Background:

Preanesthesia evaluation is crucial for optimizing patient care.
It allows for the identification and management of underlying medical conditions.
Assessing perioperative risk is essential for preventing complications.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the components of a thorough preanesthesia evaluation for all patients.
To describe specific considerations for patients with pulmonary diseases.
To enhance preoperative risk assessment and patient management.

Main Methods:

Review of standard preanesthesia assessment protocols.
Discussion of common pulmonary diseases and their preoperative implications.
Integration of general and pulmonary-specific assessment findings.

Main Results:

A comprehensive framework for preanesthesia evaluation is presented.
Key factors for optimizing patients before surgery are identified.
Specific guidance for managing pulmonary patients is detailed.

Conclusions:

A systematic preanesthesia evaluation is vital for all surgical patients.
Tailored assessments are necessary for patients with pulmonary conditions.
Optimized preoperative care reduces perioperative complications.