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Related Concept Videos

Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
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The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω):
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The construction of a root locus involves several key steps to analyze and visualize the behavior of a system's poles with varying gain. The number of branches in the root locus equals the number of closed-loop poles and is symmetrical about the real axis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats
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Protocol for Construction of Rat Nerve Stimulation Cuff Electrodes.

Manolo U Rios1, Jesse E Bucksot2, Kimiya C Rahebi3

  • 1School of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA; manolo.rios@utsouthwestern.edu (M.U.R.); kilgard@utdallas.edu (M.P.K.), seth.hays@utdallas.edu (S.A.H.).

Methods and Protocols
|April 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers can now build custom nerve stimulation electrodes for preclinical research. This protocol details easy-to-make, versatile cuff electrode designs using readily available materials for improved peripheral nerve stimulation studies.

Keywords:
cuff electrodemicro-constructionvagal nervevagus nervevagus nerve stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a promising therapeutic approach for various neurological and physiological disorders.
  • Advancing PNS therapies necessitates the availability of reliable and adaptable electrode technology for research and clinical translation.
  • Current limitations in electrode accessibility and customization can hinder preclinical research progress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed protocol for constructing customizable cuff electrodes for peripheral nerve stimulation in preclinical models.
  • To present three distinct cuff electrode configurations with varied contact arrangements for flexible application.
  • To enable researchers to fabricate and tailor stimulation cuffs using accessible materials and methods.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed procedures for assembling platinum-iridium electrodes within polyurethane tubing to create cuff electrodes.
  • Description of three specific cuff designs with differing numbers and orientations of electrical contacts.
  • Emphasis on using simple, widely available materials for ease of fabrication.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of three distinct peripheral nerve stimulation cuff electrode configurations.
  • Demonstration of the customizability of the designs for specific research needs.
  • Validation of the protocol using rat models for preclinical nerve stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • The presented protocol facilitates the construction of reliable and customizable nerve stimulation cuffs.
  • These electrodes support diverse preclinical research applications in peripheral nerve stimulation.
  • The accessibility of materials and methods promotes wider adoption in the research community.