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Steady hydrodynamic interaction between human swimmers.

Zhi-Ming Yuan1,2, Mingxin Li2, Chun-Yan Ji1

  • 11 School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003 , People's Republic of China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human swimmers drafting in competitive races can significantly reduce drag through wave interference. Following leaders in optimal positions can decrease wave drag by up to 63%, with greater reductions possible when drafting multiple swimmers.

Keywords:
competitive swimmingdraftinghydrodynamic interactionswimming configurationwave drag

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics in sports science
  • Hydrodynamics of human swimming
  • Competitive swimming biomechanics

Background:

  • Single swimmer performance is well-studied, but multi-swimmer hydrodynamic interactions are not.
  • Previous work suggests adjacent competitors modify a swimmer's drag.
  • Key questions remain regarding interaction mechanisms, positional effects, and drag quantification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanism of hydrodynamic interaction between human swimmers.
  • To quantify the effects of this interaction on drag.
  • To investigate drag reduction and increase based on swimmer formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a steady potential flow solver to model hydrodynamic interactions.
  • Included free-surface effects in all calculations.
  • Calculated wave drag for single swimmers and swimmers in the wake of 1-2 leaders.

Main Results:

  • Hydrodynamic interaction significantly impacts a drafter's wave drag.
  • Drafting in wave-riding positions can reduce wave drag by up to 63% at 2.0 m/s.
  • Drafting behind two leaders can double the drag reduction effect.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic interaction between swimmers is primarily a wave interference effect.
  • Wave cancellation on the free water surface minimizes drafter's wave drag.
  • Optimal wave cancellation and drag minimization occur in specific wave-riding positions.