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Related Concept Videos

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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices
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Ret Signaling Is Required for Tooth Pulp Innervation during Organogenesis.

C R Donnelly1, A A Shah1, E B Suh1

  • 11 Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Journal of Dental Research
|April 9, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor Ret are crucial for regulating tooth pulp innervation during development. Loss of Ret signaling disrupts normal nerve patterning, leading to reduced pulpal innervation and aberrant fiber growth.

Keywords:
GDNFneurotrophic factorneurotrophinnociceptorsensorytrigeminal

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Oral Biology

Background:

  • Precise spatiotemporal regulation of dental pulp innervation during organogenesis is essential.
  • Signaling mechanisms governing tooth innervation and sensory neuron biology are not fully understood.
  • Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor Ret play potential roles in regulating dental pulpal afferent (DPA) neuron innervation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the expression and function of GDNF and Ret in the innervation of mouse tooth pulp by DPA neurons.
  • To investigate the role of Ret signaling in the timing and patterning of tooth innervation during development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized reporter mouse models to track Ret expression in DPA neurons.
  • Generated conditional Ret knockout mice (UBC-Cre/ERT2; Retfx/fx) to delete Ret prior to tooth innervation.
  • Administered a specific Ret inhibitor (1NM-PP1) in vivo to assess functional impact.

Main Results:

  • Ret is highly expressed by DPA neurons projecting to the tooth pulp in postnatal and adult mice.
  • GDNF is broadly expressed within the adult dental pulp.
  • Ret deletion in knockout mice significantly reduced pulpal neurite number and caused aberrant fiber accumulation in surrounding tissues.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of Ret signaling mimicked these effects, reducing pulpal innervation.

Conclusions:

  • Ret signaling is critical for regulating the timing and patterning of tooth innervation by TG DPA neurons during organogenesis.
  • The GDNF-Ret pathway is a key regulator of dental innervation.
  • Dysregulation of the GDNF-Ret pathway may contribute to pathophysiological conditions in adult dentition.