Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

4.1K
The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
4.1K
Reaction Stoichiometry02:57

Reaction Stoichiometry

77.5K
A balanced chemical equation provides a great deal of information in a very succinct format. Chemical formulas provide the identities of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change, allowing classification of the reaction. Coefficients provide the relative numbers of these chemical species, allowing a quantitative assessment of the relationships between the amounts of substances consumed and produced by the reaction. These quantitative relationships are known as the reaction’s...
77.5K
The Scientific Method03:50

The Scientific Method

65.5K
Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To achieve this, scientists follow a definitive series of steps that together make up the Scientific Method. This approach involves making observations, asking questions, building a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and forming a conclusion. 
65.5K
Light as Energy01:35

Light as Energy

95.6K
The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photons
A photon is a discrete electromagnetic particle or bundle of energy. Photons are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, similar to the properties of a wave. Waves with higher frequencies transmit more energy and have shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths that transmit...
95.6K
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

43.2K
Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
43.2K
Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

119.2K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.
119.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

In Science Journals.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

US funding freeze threatens biomedical research.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Epicardial VEGFC/D signaling is essential for coronary lymphangiogenesis.

EMBO reports·2025
Same author

Lactate-dependent transcriptional regulation controls mammalian eye morphogenesis.

Nature communications·2023
Same author

The Lymphatic Vasculature in Cardiac Development and Ischemic Heart Disease.

Circulation research·2023
Same author

Mapping the lymphatic system across body scales and expertise domains: A report from the 2021 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop at the Boston Lymphatic Symposium.

Frontiers in physiology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes
04:18

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes

Published on: March 31, 2019

14.6K

An Orange-Reddish Pigmentation in Roquefort Cheese.

Graciela Font de Valdez1, Graciela Savoy de Giori1, Aida Pesce de Ruiz Holgado1

  • 1Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA), Chacabuco 145, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina and Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.

Journal of Food Protection
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

An unusual orange-red color in Roquefort cheese is caused by specific bacteria. These pigmented strains, identified as related to Brevibacterium linens, appear after salting and thrive in specific conditions during ripening.

More Related Videos

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells
06:21

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells

Published on: November 4, 2022

6.0K
MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
10:19

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: June 24, 2014

11.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes
04:18

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes

Published on: March 31, 2019

14.6K
Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells
06:21

Isolation of Primary Mouse Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells

Published on: November 4, 2022

6.0K
MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
10:19

MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: June 24, 2014

11.8K

Area of Science:

  • Food microbiology
  • Dairy science
  • Cheese ripening

Background:

  • Roquefort cheese develops an anomalous orange-reddish coloration during ripening.
  • The source and conditions for this pigment production were not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cause of the orange-reddish coloration in Roquefort cheese.
  • To identify the microorganisms responsible for pigment production.
  • To determine the optimal conditions for pigment formation.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and cultivation of pigmented bacterial strains from Roquefort cheese at different ripening stages.
  • Characterization of pigment production under varying light, pH, and sodium chloride concentrations.
  • Morphological and physiological identification of isolated strains.

Main Results:

  • Pigmented colonies were absent in milk, curd, and cheese before salting, but abundant from 7 to 90 days of ripening.
  • 37% of isolated strains produced pigment in light and dark (Type I), while 25% produced pigment only in light (Type II).
  • Pigment production was inhibited at pH 6.0 or below without sodium chloride, with maximum intensity at pH 7.0 with sodium chloride. Most strains were identified as Brevibacterium linens.

Conclusions:

  • Brevibacterium linens and related species are responsible for the orange-reddish pigmentation in Roquefort cheese.
  • Pigment production is influenced by environmental factors including light, pH, and sodium chloride concentration.
  • The timing of bacterial proliferation and pigment expression occurs post-salting during cheese ripening.