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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

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Published on: September 9, 2025
Flexible 3D-Printed EEG Electrodes
Andrei Velcescu1, Alexander Lindley2, Ciro Cursio3
1School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. andrei.velcescu@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk.
Abstract:
For electroencephalography (EEG) in haired regions of the head, finger-based electrodes have been proposed in order to part the hair and make a direct contact with the scalp. Previous work has demonstrated 3D-printed fingered electrodes to allow personalisation and different configurations of electrodes to be used for different people or for different parts of the head. This paper presents flexible 3D-printed EEG electrodes for the first time. A flexible 3D printing element is now used, with three different base mechanical structures giving differently-shaped electrodes. To obtain improved sensing performance, the silver coatings used previously have been replaced with a silver/silver-chloride coating. This results in reduced electrode contact impedance and reduced contact noise. Detailed electro-mechanical testing is presented to demonstrate the performance of the operation of the new electrodes, particularly with regards to changes in conductivity under compression, together with on-person tests to demonstrate the recording of EEG signals.
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