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Related Concept Videos

Creep in Concrete01:22

Creep in Concrete

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Creep refers to the time-dependent increase in strain under a sustained load, excluding other time-dependent deformations associated with shrinkage, swelling, and thermal expansion in concrete. The primary mechanism behind creep involves the loss of physically adsorbed water from the calcium silicate hydrate within the hydrated cement paste. This process is further exacerbated by concrete's non-linear stress-strain relationship, microcrack development in the interfacial transition zone, and...
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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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In normal-weight aggregate concrete, the hardened cement paste is the primary contributor to creep, whereas the aggregates, being stiffer than the cement paste, are more resilient to stress-induced deformation. The stiffness of the aggregates is defined by their modulus of elasticity, and the more voluminous they are in the concrete, the less it will creep.
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Effects of Creep01:25

Effects of Creep

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Creep in concrete, the gradual deformation under prolonged stress, significantly impacts the integrity of structures. For reinforced concrete beams, it can be a vital design consideration, as it increases deflection, sometimes necessitating additional design measures. In columns, especially slender ones under eccentric loads, creep can cause buckling, compromising their stability. However, creep can be beneficial in indeterminate structures by mitigating stresses that arise from shrinkage,...
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Fractionation for Resolution of Soluble and Insoluble Huntingtin Species
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Solubility Difference between Pectic Fractions from Creeping Fig Seeds.

Ri-Si Wang1, Xiao-Hong He2, Hong Lin3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China. ncuskwangrisi@163.com.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Creeping fig seed pectin fractions showed varied solubility due to structural differences and calcium ion interactions. Low methoxyl pectin dialysis requires depletion of divalent cations to prevent microgel formation.

Keywords:
creeping fig seedslow methoxyl pectinpectic fractionssolubility

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Pectin, an acidic polysaccharide, is a key component in plant cell walls.
  • Creeping fig seeds are a potential source of novel pectin fractions.
  • Understanding pectin properties is crucial for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fractionate water-extracted pectin (WEP) from creeping fig seeds.
  • To characterize the physicochemical properties of the pectin fractions.
  • To investigate the factors influencing pectin solubility, particularly low methoxyl fractions.

Main Methods:

  • Water extraction and fractionation of pectin from creeping fig seeds.
  • Analysis of fractions for non-starch, nonreducing sugars, nonpolyphenols, and protein.
  • Solubility tests, structural analysis (microscopy), FT-IR spectroscopy, and mineral analysis (Ca2+ content).

Main Results:

  • WEP was fractionated into WEP-0.3 and WEP-0.4.
  • Fractions were confirmed as acidic polysaccharides.
  • WEP-0.3 exhibited higher solubility and an amorphous structure, while WEP-0.4 was insoluble with a dense, crystalline structure.
  • WEP-0.4 contained high Ca2+ content, correlating with its low solubility and suggesting microgel formation during dialysis.
  • FT-IR spectra contradicted expected solubility based on methoxylation degree.

Conclusions:

  • Solubility of pectin fractions is influenced by both intrinsic properties (methoxylation) and extrinsic factors (divalent cations).
  • Calcium ions play a significant role in the insolubility of low methoxyl pectin fractions by forming microgels.
  • Dialysis of low methoxyl pectin should involve depletion of metal divalent cations to maintain solubility.