Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems
Published on: October 31, 2019
Flame Retardant Behavior of Ternary Synergistic Systems in Rigid Polyurethane Foams
Wang Xi1,2,3, Lijun Qian4,5, Linjie Li6,7
1Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fine Chemicals, Shandong Ocean Chemical Industry Scientific Research Institute, Weifang 262737, China. xwbtbu@126.com.
Abstract:
In order to explore flame retardant systems with higher efficiency in rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs), aluminum hydroxide (ATH), [bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-methyl-phosphonic acid dimethyl ester (BH) and expandable graphite (EG) were employed in RPUF for constructing ternary synergistic flame retardant systems. Compared with binary BH/EG systems and aluminum oxide (AO)/BH/EG, ATH/BH/EG with the same fractions in RPUFs demonstrated an increase in the limited oxygen index value, a decreased peak value of heat release rate, and a decreased mass loss rate. In particular, it inhibited smoke release. During combustion, ATH in ternary systems decomposed and released water, which captured the phosphorus-containing products from pyrolyzed BH to generate polyphosphate. The polyphosphate combined with AO from ATH and the expanded char layer from EG, forming a char layer with a better barrier effect. In ternary systems, ATH, BH, and EG can work together to generate an excellent condensed-phase synergistic flame retardant effect.
Related Concept Videos
Retarders
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...
Flame Photometry: Overview
Flame Photometry: Lab
Rigid Body Equilibrium Problems - I
Rigid Body Equilibrium Problems - II
Consider two children sitting on a seesaw, which has negligible mass. The first child has a mass (m1) of 26 kg and sits at point A, which is 1.6 meters (r1) from the pivot point B; the second child has a mass (m2) of 32 kg and sits at point C. How far from the pivot point B should the second child sit (r2) to balance the seesaw?
Kinetic Energy for a Rigid Body

