Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.0K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
16.0K
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

4.4K
4.4K
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

14.3K
In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
14.3K
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

9.4K
The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
9.4K
Chemical Equations03:10

Chemical Equations

80.9K
Chemical equations represent the identities and relative quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction. The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the left side of the equation. The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on the right side of the equation. Plus signs (+) separate individual reactant and product formulas, and an arrow (→) separates the reactant and product (left and right)...
80.9K
Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

95.5K
A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
95.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-Term Effects of Freeze-Thaw Events on Ecosystem Carbon Exchange.

Ecology and evolution·2026
Same author

<i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> uses the SrrAB regulatory system to modulate oxidative stress and intracellular survival in mouse macrophage cell line Ana-1.

mSystems·2025
Same author

Automated Optimization of Mixing Elements for Single-Screw Extrusion Using CFD Simulations.

Polymers·2025
Same author

Generation of Bio-Based, Shape- and Temperature-Stable Three-Dimensional Nonwoven Structures Using Different Polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Polymers·2025
Same author

Weather-responsive adaptive shading through biobased and bioinspired hygromorphic 4D-printing.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

Degradation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Reinforced with Regenerated Cellulose Fibers.

Polymers·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper
06:36

Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper

Published on: February 27, 2021

4.1K

Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA).

Tobias Standau1, Chunjing Zhao2, Svenja Murillo Castellón3

  • 1Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany. tobias.standau@uni-bayreuth.de.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Chemical modification enhances polylactide (PLA) biopolymers for foaming applications, overcoming melt strength limitations. This review details modifiers and their impact on PLA

Keywords:
batch foamingbead foamingbiofoamschemical modificationcrystallizationdensity reductionfoam extrusionfoam injection moldingpolylactide (PLA)rheology

More Related Videos

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
12:52

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: March 3, 2011

32.2K
Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity
09:22

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Published on: December 11, 2014

15.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper
06:36

Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper

Published on: February 27, 2021

4.1K
Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
12:52

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: March 3, 2011

32.2K
Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity
09:22

Casting Protocols for the Production of Open Cell Aluminum Foams by the Replication Technique and the Effect on Porosity

Published on: December 11, 2014

15.0K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Polylactide (PLA) is a promising biodegradable biopolymer derived from renewable resources.
  • PLA is considered a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based polymers like polystyrene (PS) in foam applications.
  • A key limitation of PLA for foaming is its insufficient melt strength.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of chemical modifiers used to improve PLA's foaming capabilities.
  • To analyze the effects of these modifiers on PLA's rheological, thermal, and foaming properties.
  • To review research on neat and chemically modified PLA foams produced via conventional methods.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific research on PLA modification and foaming.
  • Analysis of studies employing chemical modifiers for chain extension, branching, or cross-linking in PLA.
  • Compilation of data on various conventional foaming techniques applied to PLA.

Main Results:

  • Chemical modification effectively addresses PLA's low melt strength, enabling successful foaming.
  • Modifiers significantly influence the rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior of PLA.
  • A wide range of chemical substances have been investigated to enhance PLA's suitability for foam production.

Conclusions:

  • Chemically modified PLA offers a viable route to overcoming melt strength limitations for advanced foam applications.
  • Understanding modifier effects is crucial for tailoring PLA properties for specific foam manufacturing processes.
  • PLA modification presents a sustainable pathway for developing high-performance biopolymer foams.