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Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

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Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
A Mixture of a Strong Acid and a Weak Acid
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Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
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Development of Surface-Coated Polylactic Acid/Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PLA/PHA) Nanocomposites.

J J Relinque1, A S de León2,3, J Hernández-Saz4

  • 1Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e I.M. y Q. I., IMEYMAT, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain. josejavier.relinque@uca.es.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Biodegradable nanocomposites using Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) were developed with Graphite NanoPlatelets (GNP) or silver nanoparticles (AgNP). These surface-modified materials exhibit enhanced mechanical and thermal properties, with AgNP versions showing potential as SERS substrates.

Keywords:
ball millingmechanical testingphysical methods of analysispolymer–matrix compositesthermal properties

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Biodegradable polymers like Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) are crucial for sustainable materials.
  • Developing advanced polymer nanocomposites requires effective methods for incorporating nanofillers without compromising bulk properties.
  • Surface modification techniques are essential for creating functionalized nanocomposites with tailored properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and develop novel biodegradable nanocomposites using PLA and PHA.
  • To functionalize the surface of these polymers with Graphite NanoPlatelets (GNP) or silver nanoparticles (AgNP).
  • To evaluate the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of the resulting nanocomposites.

Main Methods:

  • Nanocomposites were synthesized via mechanical mixing with low filler content (<0.10 wt %).
  • Surface modification was confirmed using optical and focused ion beam microscopy.
  • Material processability was assessed through injection molding, followed by mechanical and thermal characterization.
  • Optical activity and suitability for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) were investigated using Raman spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Nanocomposites exhibited selective surface modification, leaving the bulk polymer matrix unaffected.
  • Enhanced Young's modulus and yield strength were observed compared to unmodified polymers.
  • Improved thermal properties were noted in the nanocomposite materials.
  • Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) coated nanocomposites demonstrated optical activity, enhancing Raman spectra resolution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed nanocomposites offer improved mechanical and thermal performance due to surface functionalization.
  • The selective surface modification preserves the bulk properties of the biodegradable polymers.
  • AgNP-coated nanocomposites show significant promise as effective substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS).