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Related Concept Videos

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Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Capillary Beds01:20

Capillary Beds

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Capillary beds are networks of tiny blood vessels that play a crucial role in the circulatory system. These beds are where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products occurs between the blood and surrounding tissues. Each capillary bed consists of numerous capillaries, which are the smallest blood vessels in the body, typically only one cell-thick. This thinness allows for the efficient diffusion of substances.
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The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular...
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The simplest mechanical waves are associated with simple harmonic motion and repeat themselves for several cycles. These simple harmonic waves can be modeled using a combination of sine and cosine functions. Consider a simplified surface water wave that moves across the water's surface. Unlike complex ocean waves, in surface water waves, water moves vertically, oscillating up and down, whereas the disturbance of the wave moves horizontally through the medium. If a seagull is floating on the...
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Capillaries, a crucial constituent of the circulatory system, are diminutive vessels with a diameter between 5–10 micrometers, accommodating perfusion to the tissues through the phenomenon known as microcirculation. Through their permeable walls, consisting of an endothelial layer ensconced by a basement membrane and sporadically dispersed smooth muscle fibers, the exchange of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid becomes plausible. Variance in wall composition exists,...
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Parameter Screening of PVDF/PVP Multi-Channel Capillary Membranes.

Jan O Back1, Rupert Brandstätter2, Martin Spruck3

  • 1Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. jan.back@mci.edu.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) multi-channel membranes were fabricated using a steam-dry-wet spinning process. Design of Experiments optimized conditions for membranes with tunable flux and retention for filtration applications.

Keywords:
PVDF/PVP membranedesign of experimentsmulti-channel membranephase inversion process

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Membrane Technology

Background:

  • Polymeric multi-channel membranes offer enhanced mechanical stability for diverse applications.
  • Optimizing fabrication parameters for multi-channel membranes is complex compared to single-channel designs.
  • Design of Experiments (DoE) is a valuable tool for investigating complex parameter interplays in membrane fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fabrication of seven-channel capillary membranes using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • To optimize fabrication conditions using a three-level fractional factorial linear screening design.
  • To establish structure-property relationships for PVDF/PVP multi-channel membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of seven-channel capillary membranes via steam-dry-wet spinning.
  • Systematic variation of polymer solution composition (PVDF, PVP) and process temperatures.
  • Characterization of membrane morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated PVDF/PVP multi-channel membranes with a wide range of flux and retention.
  • Achieved high flux (P = 321.4 L/m²/h/bar, R = 18.3% for 500 kDa dextran) and high retention (P = 66.8 L/m²/h/bar, R = 80.0%).
  • Identified linear relationships between PVDF concentration, PVP molecular weight, permeability (P), and retention (R).

Conclusions:

  • Established fabrication conditions for PVDF/PVP multi-channel membranes with tunable performance.
  • Demonstrated the utility of DoE for screening multi-channel membrane fabrication parameters.
  • The developed membranes show potential for micro- and ultra-filtration applications.