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Related Concept Videos

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

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The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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Composition of Blood01:22

Composition of Blood

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Composite Bodies00:55

Composite Bodies

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
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Composition of Body Fluids

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Water functions as a solvent accommodating various solutes, which can be categorized under electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Non-electrolytes are usually held together by covalent bonds, restricting them from dissociating in solution, thereby leading to a lack of electrically charged components upon dissolving in water. They are predominantly organic molecules, such as glucose, creatinine, and urea. Electrolytes, on the other hand, are compounds that can break down into ions in water.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators
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Microfluidic Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Actuators

Published on: May 20, 2018

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Nanostructured Composites Based on Liquid-Crystalline Elastomers.

Vanessa Cresta1, Giuseppe Romano2, Alexej Kolpak3

  • 1Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy. vane.cresta@hotmail.it.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Recent research explores liquid-crystalline elastomer (LCE) composites with nanomaterials. These advanced materials offer controllable shape deformations for soft robots and artificial muscles.

Keywords:
NMRactuatorsartificial musclesbilayerscompositeselectro-actuationliquid single-crystal elastomersliquid-crystal polymersnanomaterialsnanoparticlesorientational orderphoto-actuationthermal actuation

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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

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Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) exhibit reversible shape deformations, making them promising for soft robotics and artificial muscles.
  • Integrating nanomaterials into LCEs is a key strategy to enhance their physical properties and expand their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in LCE-based polymer composites incorporating various nanomaterials.
  • To explore how different nanomaterial chemistries and morphologies impart novel properties to LCEs.
  • To summarize synthesis, characterization, actuation, and applications of these LCE composites.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on LCE composites with carbon nanomaterials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes).
  • Analysis of LCE composites incorporating nanoparticles (e.g., ferroelectric ceramics, gold, iron oxide) for actuation.
  • Examination of LCEs with conductive thin films for bending actuation and optical applications.

Main Results:

  • Carbon nanomaterials enhance thermo-mechanic properties of LCEs.
  • Various nanoparticles enable electro-, magnetic-, and photo-actuation in LCE composites.
  • Surface modifications induce bending actuation and tunable optical properties.

Conclusions:

  • LCE-nanomaterial composites offer tunable properties for advanced applications.
  • Further research into these soft materials holds significant potential for future innovations.