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Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

358
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Plasticity00:58

Plasticity

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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Plastic Behavior01:21

Plastic Behavior

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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

444
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
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Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Forming Micro-and Nano-Plastics from Agricultural Plastic Films for Employment in Fundamental Research Studies
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How Green is Your Plasticizer?

Roya Jamarani1, Hanno C Erythropel2,3, James A Nicell4

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada. roya.jamarani@mail.mcgill.ca.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Finding truly green plasticizers requires a comprehensive approach. This includes evaluating toxicity, biodegradation, and leaching, alongside optimizing molecular design and manufacturing processes for safer alternatives.

Keywords:
additivebiodegradationleachingmetabolitesphthalateplasticizertoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science and Engineering
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Plasticizers enhance polymer flexibility and processability but can leach, causing environmental contamination and human exposure.
  • Phthalates, common plasticizers, are ubiquitous and linked to adverse health effects like endocrine disruption.
  • There is a growing need for safe, environmentally friendly plasticizer alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline criteria for identifying and designing "green" plasticizers.
  • To emphasize a holistic, multi-disciplinary approach for evaluating plasticizer safety and sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of design principles and experimental methodologies for green plasticizers.
  • Consideration of toxicity testing (in vitro and in vivo).
  • Assessment of biodegradation, including metabolite analysis, and leaching studies.

Main Results:

  • A multi-faceted approach is essential for determining if a plasticizer is truly green.
  • Optimization of molecular design, synthesis, and scale-up processes is crucial.
  • Comprehensive testing for toxicity, environmental fate, and leaching is required.

Conclusions:

  • A truly green plasticizer must be rigorously evaluated through toxicity, biodegradation, and leaching studies.
  • Sustainable design and manufacturing processes are integral to developing safe plasticizers.
  • A holistic strategy is necessary to mitigate the risks associated with conventional plasticizers.