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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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RNA Stability01:53

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Fast Switchable Dual-Model Grating by Using Polymer-Stabilized Sphere Phase Liquid Crystal.

Xuan Li1, Xiaowei Du2, Peiyun Guo3

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China. lixuan576675@163.com.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel dual-model grating using polymer-stabilized liquid crystals. This advanced grating offers high diffraction efficiency and fast switching speeds for optical applications.

Keywords:
LC polymerdiffraction gratingfast response timeliquid crystals

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and optical engineering
  • Materials science
  • Liquid crystal technology

Background:

  • Diffractive optical elements are crucial for manipulating light.
  • Existing tunable gratings often face limitations in efficiency and response time.
  • Polymer-stabilized liquid crystals offer unique electro-optic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a fast switchable dual-model grating.
  • To investigate the performance of polymer-stabilized sphere phase liquid crystals in grating fabrication.
  • To explore potential applications in diffractive optics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a dual-model grating using a polymer-stabilized sphere phase liquid crystal precursor.
  • Sequential ultraviolet curing of the liquid crystal precursor at isotropic and sphere phases.
  • Characterization of the grating's diffraction efficiency, modulation capabilities, and response time.

Main Results:

  • The fabricated grating exhibited dual-mode modulation of both phase and amplitude.
  • Achieved six times higher diffraction efficiency compared to gratings made with polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal.
  • Demonstrated polarization-independent operation with submillisecond response time.

Conclusions:

  • The developed polymer-stabilized sphere phase liquid crystal grating offers superior performance.
  • The grating's fast switching and high efficiency present significant potential for diffractive optics.
  • This technology advances the development of tunable optical components.