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Related Concept Videos

Retarders01:19

Retarders

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Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Composition of Blood01:22

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The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

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Polyurethane/Red Mud Composites with Flexibility, Stretchability, and Flame Retardancy for Grouting.

Chunjing Zhang1, Bo Shuai2, Xuefeng Zhang3

  • 1Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China. zcj@hpu.edu.cn.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a flexible, stretchable, and flame-retardant grouting material using polyurethane and red mud. This novel composite offers enhanced strength and crack repairment, paving the way for red mud

Keywords:
flexibilitygrouting materialpolyurethanered mudstretchability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Increasing demand for flexible, stretchable, and flame-retardant properties in construction grouting materials.
  • Need for sustainable utilization of industrial byproducts like red mud.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel organic-inorganic composite grouting material with enhanced flexibility, stretchability, and flame retardancy.
  • To explore the synergistic interactions between polyurethane prepolymer, red mud, polyethylene glycol, and trimethylolpropane.
  • To evaluate the mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of the developed composite.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a polyurethane/red mud composite grouting material via a simple and effective strategy.
  • Characterization of the composite's three-dimensional network structure.
  • Evaluation of mechanical properties including compressive strength and elongation.
  • Assessment of thermal stability and flame retardancy.
  • Investigation of the probable formation mechanism through chemical reactions.

Main Results:

  • The composite exhibited favorable flexibility and a compressive strength of 29.2 MPa at 50% compression.
  • The material achieved a good elongation of 15.1% and demonstrated desirable thermal stability.
  • The polyurethane/red mud composite showed excellent flame retardancy and effective repairment performance for roadway cracks.
  • The composite structure was primarily composed of amorphous polyurethane and crystalline red mud.

Conclusions:

  • A novel flexible, stretchable, and flame-retardant organic-inorganic composite grouting material was successfully prepared.
  • The synergistic interactions between components led to a robust three-dimensional network structure with excellent properties.
  • This research offers a promising and convenient approach for the large-scale application of red mud in civil engineering and the development of advanced grouting materials.