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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

40.6K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

3.2K
Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis
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Sulfonated Lignin-g-Styrene Polymer: Production and Characterization.

Nasim Ghavidel Darestani1, Adrianna Tikka2, Pedram Fatehi3

  • 1Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Departments, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada. nghavide@lakeheadu.ca.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Lignin was polymerized with styrene to create lignin-g-styrene, a sustainable alternative chemical. Sulfonation of this polymer enhanced its water solubility and anionic charge density for broader applications.

Keywords:
NMRcharacterizationligninpolymerizationstyrenesulfonationsustainable polymers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Sustainable Materials Science
  • Biomass Valorization

Background:

  • Lignin, a readily available biomass component, remains underutilized compared to fossil-based chemicals.
  • Developing sustainable alternatives is crucial for reducing reliance on petrochemicals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To polymerize lignin with styrene in an aqueous emulsion system.
  • To functionalize the resulting polymer to enhance its properties for potential applications.

Main Methods:

  • Lignin polymerization with styrene via aqueous emulsion.
  • Sulfonation of lignin-g-styrene using concentrated sulfuric acid.
  • Characterization using quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), FTIR, static light scattering, COSY NMR, elemental analyses, and DSC.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a 20 wt % yield of lignin-g-styrene with a 31 mol % styrene grafting degree.
  • Sulfonation resulted in a polymer with 92 wt % solubility and an anionic charge density of -2.4 meq/g.
  • Characterization confirmed the successful synthesis and functionalization of the polymer.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully synthesized sulfonated lignin-g-styrene, a water-soluble polymer with high anionic charge density.
  • This lignin-derived polymer presents a promising sustainable alternative to fossil-based chemicals.