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Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases01:14

Crossed Aldol Reaction Using Weak Bases

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This lesson deals with the crossed aldol reaction using weak bases. The self-condensation of an aldehyde having α hydrogen is prevented by adding it slowly to a mixture of formaldehyde and weak bases like hydroxide and alkoxide. Upon slow addition of the aldehyde, the base deprotonates the α carbon of the aldehyde to form the corresponding enolate. The enolate subsequently attacks the formaldehyde to form a single crossed product. Figure 1 depicts the aforementioned reaction.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
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Microporous Materials Based on Norbornadiene-Based Cross-Linked Polymers.

Dmitry A Alentiev1, Dariya M Dzhaparidze2,3, Natalia N Gavrilova4

  • 1A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia. d.alentiev@ips.ac.ru.

Polymers
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New microporous polymers were synthesized from norbornadiene derivatives. These cross-linked, insoluble polymers exhibit high surface areas and pore volumes, showing potential for carbon dioxide capture.

Keywords:
addition polymerizationmicroporous polymersnorbornadieneoligomers of norbornadieneporous organic materials

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Development of novel porous materials is crucial for applications in gas storage and separation.
  • Microporous polymers offer tunable properties and high surface areas for adsorption applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize new microporous homopolymers from norbornadiene-2,5, its dimer, and trimer.
  • To characterize the porous structure and CO₂ uptake capabilities of the synthesized polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Addition (vinyl) polymerization of norbornadiene monomers using Pd-N-heterocyclic carbene or Ni(II) catalysts.
  • Characterization of polymer properties including BET surface area, pore volume, and CO₂ adsorption.
  • Analysis of porous structure using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Polymers were synthesized with yields ranging from 60-98%, yielding cross-linked, insoluble, glassy, and amorphous materials.
  • BET surface areas varied from 420-970 m²/g, with the highest observed for polymers derived from norbornadiene trimer using Pd-catalysts.
  • CO₂ uptake ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 mmol/g at 273 K and 1 atm, indicating promising adsorption performance.

Conclusions:

  • Novel microporous polynorbornenes with high surface areas and significant CO₂ uptake have been successfully synthesized.
  • The choice of catalyst significantly influences the surface area and porous properties of the resulting polymers.
  • These new materials demonstrate potential for applications in carbon capture and storage technologies.