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Related Concept Videos

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
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Post-Translational Protein Transport by the Sec Complex.

William J Allen1, Ian Collinson1, Karin Römisch2

  • 1School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

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Summary

New structures reveal how secretory proteins are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the heptameric secretory (Sec) complex, advancing understanding of this crucial cellular process after 30 years of study.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Protein Transport

Background:

  • Post-translational protein transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is essential for secretory protein function.
  • The precise mechanism of this import pathway, mediated by the heptameric secretory (Sec) complex, remains incompletely understood despite decades of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanism of post-translational protein translocation into the yeast ER.
  • To provide structural insights into the function of the heptameric secretory (Sec) complex.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recently published structural data of the heptameric secretory (Sec) complex.

Main Results:

  • New structural data offers significant insights into the heptameric secretory (Sec) complex.
  • These structures illuminate the mechanism by which secretory proteins are imported into the ER post-translationally.

Conclusions:

  • The recent structural studies provide a clearer picture of the secretory (Sec) complex's role in protein translocation.
  • This advancement deepens our understanding of a fundamental process in cell biology.