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Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
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Ionic Coulomb blockade as a fractional Wien effect.

Nikita Kavokine1, Sophie Marbach1, Alessandro Siria1

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Researchers discovered a new type of ionic Coulomb blockade in nanofluidics. This phenomenon, driven by ion pairing in confined nanochannels, enables quantized ion transport and potential applications like ion pumps.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanofluidics
  • Ion Transport
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Nanofluidics enables ion transport studies at the molecular level.
  • Artificial porins lack the functionality of biological ion channels.
  • Tunable single ion transport, analogous to electronic Coulomb blockade, is a key goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand ionic Coulomb blockade beyond its electronic analogy.
  • To investigate the many-body dynamics of ions in confined nanochannels.
  • To explore quantized and nonlinear ionic transport phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of ion transport in charged nanochannels.
  • Molecular simulations to validate theoretical predictions.
  • Analysis of ion pairing and conduction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Quantized and strongly nonlinear ionic transport observed.
  • Ionic Coulomb blockade occurs due to 'Bjerrum pairs' formation.
  • Conduction mechanism resembles Onsager's Wien effect.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the mechanism of ionic Coulomb blockade in nanofluidics.
  • Findings align with molecular simulations, confirming many-body ion dynamics.
  • Opens possibilities for novel nanofluidic devices, including ion pumps.