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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance
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Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

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Resistance of Candida to azoles and echinocandins worldwide

K E Pristov1, M A Ghannoum1

  • 1Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|April 10, 2019
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Candida species are increasingly resistant to antifungal drugs like azoles and echinocandins. Understanding these resistance mechanisms is crucial for effective patient treatment in global clinical settings.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Global increase in Candida infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Candida species are opportunistic pathogens causing superficial to life-threatening invasive infections.
  • Azoles and echinocandins are primary antifungal treatments, but resistance is rising.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review resistance mechanisms in key Candida species (C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. auris).
  • To examine the clinical impact of antifungal resistance worldwide.
  • To understand the evolution of Candida resistance to azoles and echinocandins.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on antifungal drug mechanisms.
  • Analysis of Candida species' evolutionary strategies for drug resistance.
  • Examination of clinical data on the effects of antifungal resistance.

Main Results:

  • Candida species are developing diverse mechanisms to evade azole and echinocandin therapies.
  • Antifungal resistance in Candida poses a significant and growing threat in clinical environments globally.
  • Specific species like Candida auris exhibit concerning resistance patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Rising Candida resistance to azoles and echinocandins is a critical global health concern.
  • Understanding fungal resistance mechanisms is essential for developing effective treatment strategies.
  • Continued research is vital to combat the clinical impact of antifungal resistance.
Keywords:
AzoleCandidaCandida aurisEchinocandinMultidrug resistance

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