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Deformation-Induced Phase Transitions in iPP Polymorphs.

Harm J M Caelers1, Enrico M Troisi2, Leon E Govaert3,4

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Polymers
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study links structural changes to the mechanical behavior of polypropylene (PP) polymorphs. Understanding these transformations is key to predicting material performance under stress.

Keywords:
cavitationdeformationin situ X-rayisotactic polypropylenephase transitionspolymorphismtemperatureuniaxial compressionuniaxial tensile deformation

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding the relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) is crucial for its application.
  • Different crystalline forms (polymorphs) of PP, such as alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ), exhibit distinct behaviors.
  • Deformation processes significantly alter the internal structure of polymers, impacting their macroscopic response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between structural evolution and the mechanical response of α-, β-, and γ-polypropylene (PP) under deformation.
  • To identify phase composition changes, orientation phenomena, and voiding during mechanical testing.
  • To analyze crystallographic unit cell changes, phase transitions, and crystal plane orientation during deformation.

Main Methods:

  • Uni-axial compression experiments combined with in situ Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) measurements.
  • Tensile experiments coupled with Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) analysis.
  • Monitoring of phase composition, voiding, lamellar and amorphous layer thickness, unit cell parameters, and crystal plane orientation.

Main Results:

  • Crystallinity decreases upon deformation across all PP polymorphs, with temperature-dependent formation of new structures.
  • Low-temperature stretching leads to crystal destruction and formation of an oriented mesophase, irrespective of the initial polymorph.
  • High-temperature stretching (above Tαc) results in transformation to oriented α-PP, with small amounts of initial structures remaining.
  • Compression experiments reveal that phase transformations occur at similar strain levels for all polymorphs.
  • Strain hardening modulus, lamellar orientation, and void fraction/dimensions govern post-yield mechanical behavior.
  • β-PP exhibits the most significant voiding across the tested temperature range.
  • Macroscopic localization and void shape transitions (disk-like to fibrillar) correlate with strain hardening modulus.

Conclusions:

  • Deformation induces significant structural transformations in PP polymorphs, including phase transitions and mesophase/α-PP formation.
  • The mechanical response is strongly influenced by strain hardening, lamellar orientation, and void evolution.
  • β-PP's pronounced voiding behavior is a key differentiator in its mechanical response.
  • Understanding these structure-property relationships is vital for tailoring PP materials for specific applications.