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Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

4.0K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
4.0K
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

91.3K
The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
91.3K
Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:28

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

4.4K
Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...
4.4K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

3.4K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
3.4K
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

4.3K
Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
4.3K
Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

90.0K
Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
A pure substance is a form of matter that has a constant composition throughout with uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, regardless of the source from which it is isolated. 
A mixture is composed of two or...
90.0K

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Three-Dimensionally Printed Microfluidic Cross-flow System for Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration Membrane Performance Testing
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Poly(piperazine-amide)/PES Composite Multi-Channel Capillary Membranes for Low-Pressure Nanofiltration.

Jan O Back1, Martin Spruck2, Marc Koch3

  • 1Management Center Innsbruck (MCI)-The Entrepreneurial School, Department of Environmental, Process & Energy Engineering, Maximilianstrasse 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. jan.back@mci.edu.

Polymers
|April 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed advanced multi-channel capillary membranes using polyethersulfone and polyamide coatings. These membranes show promise for efficient low-pressure nanofiltration applications.

Keywords:
capillary membraneinterfacial polymerizationlow-pressure nanofiltrationmulti-channel membranewater softening

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Ex Vivo Pressurized Hippocampal Capillary-Parenchymal Arteriole Preparation for Functional Study
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Membrane Technology

Background:

  • Conventional single-channel capillary fibers have limitations in mechanical stability.
  • Multi-channel geometries offer improved mechanical properties and have been used in ultrafiltration.
  • Developing robust membranes for low-pressure nanofiltration is crucial for various industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate and characterize multi-channel polyethersulfone (PES) capillary membranes (MCM) coated with a polyamide (PA) layer.
  • To optimize the interfacial polymerization (IP) process for creating thin PA selective layers on MCM.
  • To evaluate the performance of the composite MCM for low-pressure nanofiltration.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of seven-feed-channel PES MCM via an enhanced steam-dry-wet spinning process.
  • Coating of MCM inner surfaces with a PA layer using interfacial polymerization (piperazine and trimesoylchloride).
  • Characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and filtration experiments.

Main Results:

  • Successful fabrication of composite MCM with improved mechanical stability and PA coating.
  • Optimization of IP parameters (monomer ratio, contact time, drying time) influenced membrane performance.
  • Achieved 91.4% MgSO₄ rejection and a solute flux of 68.8 L m⁻² h⁻¹ at 3 bar.

Conclusions:

  • The multi-channel arrangement enhances mechanical stability, suitable for advanced membrane applications.
  • The PA coating via IP effectively creates a selective layer for nanofiltration.
  • These composite MCM are promising for efficient low-pressure nanofiltration processes.