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Ionic Radii

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Low-cost Ionic Liquids

Published on: August 10, 2016

Ultrasound- and Thermo-Responsive Ionic Liquid Polymers.

Kohei Itsuki¹, Yuuki Kawata², Komol Kanta Sharker³

¹Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan. flowing.yumeniji.quiz@gmail.com.

|April 11, 2019

Summary

This study details a novel ionic liquid polymer, PAMPSP4448, exhibiting tunable turbidity. Ultrasound triggers aggregation, while cooling reverses it, enabling controlled solution properties.

Keywords:

electrostatic repulsion hydrophobic interaction ionic liquid polymer lower critical solution temperature (LCST)reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization thermo-responsive ultrasound

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Published on: August 5, 2015

Area of Science:

Polymer Chemistry
Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization enables precise polymer synthesis.
Ionic liquid polymers offer unique responsive properties.
Understanding thermo- and ultrasound-responsive behavior is crucial for smart materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize an ionic liquid polymer, PAMPSP4448.
To investigate the ultrasound- and thermo-responsive behavior of PAMPSP4448 in aqueous solutions.
To elucidate the mechanisms governing the observed responsive phenomena.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of Poly(sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate) (PAMPSNa) via RAFT polymerization.
Preparation of ionic liquid polymer PAMPSP4448 by cation exchange.
Characterization of aqueous solution behavior using transmittance and turbidity measurements under varying temperature and sonication conditions.

Main Results:

Aqueous PAMPSP4448 solutions remained transparent from 5 to 50 °C, with coexisting unimers and aggregates.
Above 25 °C, aggregate size decreased due to strengthened hydrophobic interactions upon dehydration.
Sonication above 25 °C induced aggregate collision and fusion, leading to turbidity.
Cooling below 8 °C reformed hydrogen bonds, causing redissolution and transparency.

Conclusions:

PAMPSP4448 exhibits reversible ultrasound- and thermo-responsive behavior in water.
The transition between transparent and turbid states is controllable via sonication and cooling.
This polymer system demonstrates potential for applications requiring tunable solution properties.