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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Polymers02:34

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Functional Groups02:45

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
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Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
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Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry
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Active Ester Containing Surfmer for One-Stage Polymer Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization in Mini-Emulsion

Vanessa L Albernaz1, Monika Bach2,3, Achim Weber4,5

  • 1Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße 12, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. vanessa.albernaz@igb.fraunhofer.de.

Polymers
|April 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces an improved synthesis for active ester surfmer (AUPDS), enabling the creation of functionalized nanoparticles via mini-emulsion polymerization. Optimized conditions yield stable, narrowly distributed nanoparticles with accessible surface ester groups.

Keywords:
dynamic light scatteringfunctional surface active monomermini-emulsion polymerizationpolyelectrolyte titration

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Functional surface active monomers (surfmers) possess surface activity, polymerizability, and reactive groups.
  • Developing surfmers for nanoparticle synthesis is crucial for advanced material applications.
  • Active ester groups offer versatile handles for post-synthesis surface modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an improved synthesis of the active ester surfmer, p-(11-acrylamido)undecanoyloxyphenyl dimethylsulfonium methyl sulfate (AUPDS).
  • To investigate the preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene nanoparticles using AUPDS via mini-emulsion polymerization.
  • To characterize the resulting nanoparticles for size, distribution, surface functionality, and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Improved synthesis of the AUPDS surfmer.
  • Mini-emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene using AUPDS.
  • Systematic variation of reaction parameters (AUPDS concentration, cross-linker amount).
  • Characterization of nanoparticles using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements.
  • Assessment of active ester accessibility via basic hydrolysis and polyelectrolyte titration.

Main Results:

  • Optimized AUPDS concentrations (2–4 mol%) yielded stable, spherical nanoparticles (83–163 nm) with narrow size distribution.
  • Active ester groups on the nanoparticle surface were confirmed accessible through hydrolysis, indicated by a ZP shift from positive to negative.
  • High cross-linker concentrations (>10 mol%) reduced ZP, suggesting potential AUPDS internalization.

Conclusions:

  • The developed AUPDS surfmer facilitates the one-stage synthesis of active ester-functionalized nanoparticles via mini-emulsion polymerization.
  • Optimized reaction conditions are key to achieving desired nanoparticle characteristics and surface functionality.
  • These functionalized nanoparticles serve as versatile platforms for further surface modifications and applications.