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Related Concept Videos

Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

50.0K
On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
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2.0K
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

1.6K
Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Measurement: Derived Units03:02

Measurement: Derived Units

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The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
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Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Preparation of Janus Particles and Alternating Current Electrokinetic Measurements with a Rapidly Fabricated Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Array
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Microelectrode Array With Transparent ALD TiN Electrodes.

Tomi Ryynänen1, Anssi Pelkonen2, Kestutis Grigoras3

  • 1Micro- and Nanosystems Research Group, BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|April 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed transparent titanium nitride (TiN) microelectrodes using atomic layer deposition (ALD). These electrodes offer improved visibility for cell imaging while maintaining low impedance and noise for neural recordings.

Keywords:
ALDMEATiNmicroelectrodeneuronstransparent

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Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Standard microelectrodes (platinum black, TiN) are opaque, hindering cell imaging.
  • Transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes have suboptimal impedance and noise performance.
  • Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are crucial for recording cellular electrical activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop transparent microelectrodes with low impedance and noise.
  • To enable simultaneous cell imaging and electrical recording on MEAs.
  • To investigate atomic layer deposition (ALD) for fabricating transparent TiN electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to create thin (25-65 nm) titanium nitride (TiN) films.
  • TiN electrodes (30 μm diameter) were fabricated and characterized for transparency and impedance.
  • Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cortical neurons were cultured on the MEAs for 14 days.

Main Results:

  • ALD TiN electrodes exhibited transparency (18-45% transmission).
  • Measured impedances were 510-590 kΩ at 1 kHz, outperforming bare ITO.
  • Successful recording of spontaneous neuronal activity from hiPSC-derived neurons was achieved.
  • No biocompatibility issues were observed during 14-day culture.

Conclusions:

  • Transparent ALD TiN is a promising material for functional MEAs.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of opaque and less performant transparent electrodes.
  • Enables simultaneous high-resolution imaging and electrophysiological recordings.