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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
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Mycobacterial Evolution Intersects With Host Tolerance.

Joseph W Saelens1, Gopinath Viswanathan1, David M Tobin1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|April 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a deadly infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This review explores Mtb's evolution into a human pathogen and the lineages driving global TB.

Keywords:
Mycobacterium tuberculosisclinical phenotypesevolutionhost tolerancemycobacteriamycobacterial genomes

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Infectious diseases
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death from infectious disease globally.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent, is a highly adapted human pathogen.
  • Understanding Mtb's evolutionary history is crucial for controlling TB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary framework of Mycobacterium tuberculosis emergence as a human pathogen.
  • To examine how specific Mtb lineages contribute to the global TB burden.
  • To explore the evolutionary pressures shaping Mtb genome diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of evolutionary biology and infectious disease research.
  • Analysis of Mtb genome evolution in the context of human history and population dynamics.
  • Examination of transmission dynamics and host-pathogen interactions.

Main Results:

  • Mtb has evolved over millennia to become an archetypal human-adapted pathogen.
  • Specific Mtb lineages are associated with driving the global TB burden.
  • Evolutionary pressures like transmission, host tolerance, and human migration have shaped Mtb genomes.

Conclusions:

  • The evolutionary history of Mtb provides critical insights into its pathogenicity.
  • Understanding lineage-specific evolution is key to addressing the global TB epidemic.
  • Further research into evolutionary pressures can inform TB control strategies.