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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Torque Free Motion01:15

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
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Using Torque-Angle and Torque-Velocity Models to Characterize Elbow Mechanical Function: Modeling and Applied

Diane Haering1, Charles Pontonnier2, Nicolas Bideau3

  • 1IBHGC,ENSAM ParisTech,Paris F-75014, Francee-mail: diane.haering@gmail.com.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|April 11, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study compared mathematical models for muscle mechanics, finding a new power-based torque-velocity model provides meaningful physiological insights for elbow joint analysis. This enhances understanding of human movement and clinical evaluation.

Keywords:
maximal joint torque—isokinetic dynamometer—torque-angle-velocity relationshipmaximal power velocitymuscle mechanics

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Analysis
  • Musculoskeletal Modeling

Background:

  • Muscle characterization via torque-angle and torque-velocity relationships is vital for evaluating and simulating human movement.
  • In vivo determination relies on dynamometric measurements and modeling, integrating physiological and mathematical principles.
  • Previous research has not investigated the impact of specific mathematical models and their underlying physiological parameters on these relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of diverse torque-angle and torque-velocity models in fitting experimental dynamometric data from the elbow.
  • To assess the capacity of these models to yield significant mechanical and physiological information.
  • To evaluate the influence of varying mathematical functions and physiological muscle parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental dynamometric measurements of the elbow joint.
  • Testing of various mathematical functions for torque-angle relationships, including a quadratic model.
  • Implementation and comparison of different parametric models for torque-velocity relationships, including a novel power-based model.
  • Utilization of physiological muscle parameters from existing literature.

Main Results:

  • A quadratic torque-angle model demonstrated improved fitting between predicted and measured elbow torque.
  • A novel power-based torque-velocity parametric model achieved fitting results comparable to classical models.
  • The new power-based model yielded interpretable and meaningful physiological values.
  • Varying mathematical functions and physiological parameters were tested for their impact on model performance.

Conclusions:

  • The quadratic torque-angle model enhances the accuracy of elbow torque prediction.
  • The new power-based torque-velocity model offers a valuable tool for extracting physiological insights.
  • This research provides a foundation for improved modeling and clinical understanding of elbow joint mechanical behavior.