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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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The dorsal...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Chemogenetic Regulation in Reprogrammed Stem Cell-derived Precursor Cells in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Chemogenetic Regulation in Reprogrammed Stem Cell-derived Precursor Cells in Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: May 2, 2025

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Somatic cell reprogramming as a tool for neurodegenerative diseases.

Ayyub Ebrahimi1, Ezgi Keske1, Ahmad Mehdipour2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Ethical concerns with embryonic stem cells in neurodegenerative disease research are addressed by induced pluripotent stem cells and transdifferentiation. These methods offer viable alternatives for disease modeling and potential cell therapies.

Keywords:
Induced pluripotent stem cellsNeurodegenerative diseasesSomatic cell reprogrammingTransdifferentiation

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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) present ethical challenges in cell therapy and regenerative medicine, particularly for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Traditional methods using ESCs raise concerns regarding embryo utilization.
  • Developing alternative stem cell sources is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review alternative techniques overcoming ethical issues associated with ESCs in neurodegenerative disease research.
  • To highlight the potential of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and transdifferentiation.
  • To discuss the application of these methods in disease modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on stem cell techniques for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Focus on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and direct transdifferentiation.
  • Analysis of methods for somatic cell reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and transdifferentiation offer ethical solutions to ESC limitations.
  • Somatic cell reprogramming provides a pathway for modeling neurodegenerative diseases.
  • These techniques facilitate research into complex neurological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • iPSCs and transdifferentiation are promising alternatives for ethical stem cell research.
  • Reprogramming somatic cells aids in understanding and potentially treating neurodegenerative diseases.
  • The reviewed techniques offer new avenues for regenerative medicine in neurology.