Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...

Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes

Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes

The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. Since free energy is a state function, its value depends only on the conditions of the initial and final states of the system. A convenient and common approach to the calculation of free energy changes for physical and chemical reactions is by use of widely available compilations of standard state thermodynamic data. One method involves the...

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:

Numerical Calculations

Numerical Calculations

In engineering applications, the representation of the numerical value is critical. Presenting or reporting the answer is one of the essential parts of engineering practices. Numerical calculations are performed using handheld calculators or computers since numerically accurate answers are always preferred.
The solution to a problem is obtained using different methods. While manually solving algebraic symbols is one of the most common methods, the graphical method is often preferred. Computers...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Endogenous constitutive promoters with a broad range of transcriptional activities for plant synthetic biology.

Plant cell reports·2026

Same author

Premna odorata extract exhibits anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

DEP-track: a motion-aware framework for large-scale cell tracking and crossover frequency estimation in dielectrophoresis.

Frontiers in bioinformatics·2026

Same author

Tunable Wetting and Chemical Coating-Free Slip on Wrinkled PDMS for Droplet Microfluidics.

ACS polymers Au·2026

Same author

A ribonucleotide carbohydrate system (iRNC) enhances antigen presentation and controls glioblastoma.

Theranostics·2026

Same author

Positioning and reversible suppression of CCR7<sup>+</sup> dendritic cells in perivascular tumor niches shape cancer immunity.

Immunity·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique

Published on: May 3, 2015

Accurate Measurement Calculation Method for Interferometric Radar Altimeter-Based Terrain Referenced Navigation.

Juhyun Oh¹, Chang-Ky Sung², Jungshin Lee³

¹Agency for Defense Development, Yuseong P.O.Box 35, Daejeon 34186, Korea. juhyunoh@add.re.kr.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 12, 2019

Summary

A new Interferometric Radar Altimeter (IRA) formula improves Terrain Referenced Navigation (TRN) accuracy. It accounts for wind effects, providing more precise calculations of the closest point

Keywords:

flight test interferometric radar altimeter terrain referenced navigation

More Related Videos

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Published on: February 13, 2014

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS

Published on: May 3, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique

Measurement of Extracellular Ion Fluxes Using the Ion-selective Self-referencing Microelectrode Technique

Published on: May 3, 2015

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Published on: February 13, 2014

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS

Published on: May 3, 2011

Area of Science:

Aerospace Engineering
Navigation Systems

Background:

Terrain Referenced Navigation (TRN) relies on accurate altimetry.
Conventional methods using Euler angles are insufficient in dynamic flight environments with wind.
Interferometric Radar Altimeters (IRA) offer enhanced distance and angle measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a new formula for calculating the 3D relative position of the closest point for TRN using IRA data.
To address the limitations of existing formulas in real-world flight conditions influenced by wind.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel mathematical formula to compute the relative position of the closest point.
Utilization of Interferometric Radar Altimeter (IRA) data, including slant range (R) and cross-track angle (θ).
Verification of the proposed formula using real flight data and TRN simulations.

Main Results:

The proposed formula incorporates effective look angles, accounting for wind effects.
Flight tests demonstrated differences between the conventional and proposed methods due to wind.
TRN simulations confirmed the superior accuracy of the new formula in calculating closest point positions.

Conclusions:

The new formula provides a more accurate calculation of the closest point for TRN in the presence of wind.
This advancement enhances the performance and reliability of TRN systems.
The study highlights the importance of considering aerodynamic factors in navigation algorithms.