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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

156.0K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.0K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.7K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.7K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.5K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.5K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.5K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.5K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

6.6K
6.6K
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

54.0K
Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
54.0K

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RETRACTED: Alshabanah et al. Elastic Nanofibrous Membranes for Medical and Personal Protection Applications: Manufacturing, Anti-COVID-19, and Anti-Colistin Resistant Bacteria Evaluation. <i>Polymers</i> 2021, <i>13</i>, 3987.

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Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Living Cells That Interface with Programmable Materials
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Engineering Cell Surfaces with Polyelectrolyte Materials for Translational Applications.

Peipei Zhang1, Michelle L Bookstaver2, Christopher M Jewell3,4,5,6

  • 1Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA. pzhang14@umd.edu.

Polymers
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Engineering cell surfaces with polyelectrolytes offers advanced biomedical solutions. This approach leverages cell complexity for applications in therapy, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.

Keywords:
cell modificationdrug deliverymultilayerpolyelectrolyteregenerative medicinesensing and signalingsurface proteintissue engineeringvaccine and immunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cell surface engineering is a powerful strategy leveraging inherent cell capabilities over synthetic materials.
  • Polyelectrolytes are a key class of materials for modifying cell surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing biomedical technologies for engineering cell surfaces using polyelectrolytes.
  • To highlight how polyelectrolyte properties can address challenges in various biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on cell surface engineering with polyelectrolytes.
  • Discussion of polyelectrolyte properties and their applications.

Main Results:

  • Polyelectrolytes offer versatile solutions for cell therapy, tissue engineering, drug delivery, sensing, and immune modulation.
  • Engineering cell surfaces with polyelectrolytes can enhance cell functionality and control.

Conclusions:

  • Bridging polyelectrolyte knowledge with translational challenges can advance the field.
  • Cell surface engineering with polyelectrolytes presents significant opportunities for biomedical innovation.