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Related Concept Videos

Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

43.7K
Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

4.7K
In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
4.7K
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

21.9K
Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and...
21.9K
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

16.6K
Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
16.6K
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

22.1K
Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
22.1K
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

3.9K
Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is...
3.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Synthesis of Strong Adhesive Hydrogel, Gelatin O-Nitrosobenzaldehyde
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Synthesis of Humin-Phenol-Formaldehyde Adhesive.

Shimin Kang1, Jinxia Fu2, Gang Zhang3

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy Systems, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China. kangshimin@dgut.edu.cn.

Polymers
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Humins, byproducts of biomass processing, were used to create a new phenol-formaldehyde adhesive. This sustainable humin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive (HPFA) meets national standards for performance.

Keywords:
huminshydrolysishydrothermal treatmentphenol-formaldehyde adhesive

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Humins are low-value byproducts generated during biomass acid hydrolysis.
  • Traditional phenol-formaldehyde adhesives rely on non-renewable phenol.
  • Valorization of biomass byproducts is crucial for sustainable chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of humins as a partial replacement for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde adhesives.
  • To develop a modified phenol-formaldehyde adhesive using humins.
  • To evaluate the physicochemical properties of the novel humin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive (HPFA).

Main Methods:

  • A two-step synthesis process was employed.
  • Humins were first solubilized into phenolics via hydrothermal treatment.
  • The resulting alkaline soluble products reacted with phenol and formaldehyde to form HPFA.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized humin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesive (HPFA) exhibited favorable physicochemical properties.
  • Key properties including viscosity, bonding strength, pH, free formaldehyde, free phenol, and solid content were assessed.
  • The performance of HPFA met the stringent requirements of the GB/T 14732-2006 Chinese National Standard.

Conclusions:

  • Humins can be effectively utilized as a phenol substitute in the synthesis of modified phenol-formaldehyde adhesives.
  • The developed HPFA demonstrates comparable performance to conventional adhesives, offering a sustainable alternative.
  • This research highlights a promising pathway for valorizing humin byproducts in the production of high-performance adhesives.