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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

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Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
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Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity01:11

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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Enteral Nutrition I: Orogastric and Nasogastric Feeding01:26

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Enteral nutrition delivers nutrients directly to the stomach or small intestine through a tube. This method is appropriate for patients who cannot eat but still have a functioning digestive system. It is also beneficial for individuals with swallowing difficulties, anorexia, malabsorption, or those who have undergone gastrointestinal (GI) surgery.
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Enteral Nutrition II: Nasointestinal and Gastrostomy Feeding01:15

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Enteral nutrition encompasses various methods of delivering nutrition directly to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, bypassing traditional oral intake. It is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot eat by mouth but have a functioning digestive system. Key methods include nasointestinal feeding, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy, each suited to different clinical scenarios based on the patient's needs and condition.
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Enteric peripheral neuroblastoma in a calf.

Yusuke Sakai1, Masato Hiyama2, Saya Kagimoto1

  • 1Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study reports the first case of enteric peripheral neuroblastoma in a calf, a rare cancer. Doublecortin (DCX) staining proved useful for diagnosing this small cell tumor in cattle.

Keywords:
cattledoublecortinneuronal markerneuronal neoplasmperipheral neuroblastoma

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Peripheral neuroblastoma is a rare tumor originating from nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cord.
  • Enteric neuroblastoma, specifically within the gastrointestinal tract, is exceptionally uncommon in animals.
  • Chronic intestinal symptoms in cattle can indicate various underlying pathologies, necessitating accurate diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document and characterize the first reported case of enteric peripheral neuroblastoma in a bovine patient.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of immunohistochemical markers, particularly doublecortin (DCX), in identifying this specific tumor type in cattle.
  • To contribute to the understanding of rare oncological conditions in veterinary medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Surgical excision of a colonic mass in an 11-month-old Japanese Black calf presenting with chronic intestinal issues.
  • Necropsy examination revealing tumor recurrence and metastasis to the omentum, liver, and lung.
  • Histopathological analysis of tumor tissue, including immunohistochemistry for markers such as DCX, PGP9.5, nestin, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE).

Main Results:

  • A large, pleomorphic small cell tumor was identified, infiltrating the colon's muscular layer and surrounding the colon wall.
  • Immunohistochemistry confirmed the tumor's neuroblastic origin, with positive staining for DCX, PGP9.5, nestin, and NSE.
  • Metastatic lesions were observed in the omentum, liver, and lung, indicating advanced disease.

Conclusions:

  • The diagnosis of enteric peripheral neuroblastoma was established, marking the first reported instance in an animal.
  • Doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool for differentiating enteric peripheral neuroblastoma from other small round cell tumors in cattle.
  • This case highlights the importance of considering rare differentials in bovine oncology and the utility of specific biomarkers in diagnosis.