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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Piezoresponse force microscopy and nanoferroic phenomena.

Alexei Gruverman1, Marin Alexe2, Dennis Meier3

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA. agruverman2@unl.edu.

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|April 12, 2019
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Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) has evolved into advanced methods crucial for nanoferroic research, enabling new discoveries in multiferroic devices and domain wall nanoelectronics.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physics

Background:

  • Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) has been a key technique in nanoferroic materials for over 25 years.
  • Its evolution has been critical for advancing ferroic research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of PFM from basic imaging to advanced methodologies.
  • To highlight PFM's impact on novel nanoferroic phenomena and research areas.
  • To discuss challenges in PFM data interpretation and future trends.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature and PFM development.
  • Analysis of advanced PFM modes and their applications.
  • Discussion of data interpretation challenges and future outlook.

Main Results:

  • PFM has transitioned into advanced techniques driving innovation in nanoferroics.
  • Advanced PFM modes have facilitated the discovery of new phenomena.
  • PFM is instrumental in developing multiferroic devices and domain wall nanoelectronics.

Conclusions:

  • PFM's advanced modes are essential for understanding and exploring nanoferroic materials.
  • Addressing data interpretation challenges is key for future PFM development.
  • PFM will continue to shape the future of ferroic research and applications.