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Related Concept Videos

The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

132.9K
Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
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Use of Two Intracorporeal Ventricular Assist Devices As a Total Artificial Heart
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Recent Progress in Three-Terminal Artificial Synapses: From Device to System.

Hong Han1,2, Haiyang Yu1,2, Huanhuan Wei1,2

  • 1Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 12, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial synapses mimic brain function for learning and signal transmission. This review covers advancements in three-terminal devices and artificial sensory systems for neuromorphic computing.

Keywords:
electronic synapseslight sensory systemsphotonic synapsessynaptic transistorstactile-perception systems

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience and Materials Science
  • Focuses on the intersection of biological neural networks and artificial electronic systems.

Background:

  • Synapses are crucial for nervous signal transmission and synaptic plasticity enables learning.
  • Developing artificial synapses is key for neuromorphic electronics that emulate brain functions.
  • Three-terminal artificial synapses offer combined signal transmission and learning capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in the development and application of three-terminal artificial synapses.
  • To highlight advancements in artificial sensory systems based on synaptic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of inorganic and organic electronic synapses mimicking plasticity and learning.
  • Exploration of optoelectronic and photonic synapses for energy efficiency and robustness.
  • Analysis of three-terminal artificial synapse designs for concurrent signal transmission and learning.

Main Results:

  • Various artificial synapse types (inorganic, organic, optoelectronic, photonic) have successfully emulated synaptic plasticity and learning.
  • Three-terminal devices demonstrate potential for integrated signal transmission and learning.
  • Synaptic devices are being utilized in the creation of artificial sensory systems.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial synapses offer new avenues for developing neuromorphic systems capable of real-time parallel data processing.
  • Advancements in artificial synapses and sensory systems pave the way for more sophisticated brain-inspired computing.
  • The review underscores the potential of these technologies in diverse applications, including sensory emulation.