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Veins of Upper Limbs

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

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The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

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A narrative review: current upper limb prosthetic options and design.

Lauren Trent¹, Michelle Intintoli¹, Pat Prigge¹

¹Arm Dynamics, Redondo Beach, CA, USA.

Disability and Rehabilitation. Assistive Technology

|April 12, 2019

Summary

This review highlights five prosthetic intervention options for upper limb difference, emphasizing the need for awareness of advanced components and design techniques for successful rehabilitation outcomes.

Keywords:

Upper limb amputation design prosthesis prosthetic options rehabilitation

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Rehabilitation Science
Prosthetics and Orthotics

Background:

Advancements in technology and increased community awareness are driving innovation in upper extremity prosthetics.
The field of upper limb prosthetics is rapidly evolving, often outpacing research publication.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current literature on upper limb difference, prosthetic componentry, and design options.
To provide an overview of available prosthetic interventions for individuals with upper limb difference.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across five major clinical databases.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to over 1200 articles to identify relevant peer-reviewed research.

Main Results:

Fifty-five articles and standards were reviewed, identifying five primary prosthetic intervention options.
The reviewed literature encompasses various prosthetic design considerations and componentry.

Conclusions:

Despite a focus on technological advancements, five core prosthetic intervention options are present in current literature.
Informed prescription and management of upper limb prosthetics rely on awareness of component efficacy and evolving design techniques for optimal rehabilitation outcomes.