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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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The Chain Rule01:30

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A system of interconnected gears provides a concrete physical interpretation of the Chain Rule in calculus. Consider three gears arranged in sequence, where the rotational speeds of the first, second, and third gears are represented by the variables x, z, and y, respectively. The first gear drives the second, and the second drives the third, so the motion of each gear depends on the one preceding it. This structure naturally leads to a two-stage variable relationship that can be analyzed using...
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The Chain Rule: Problem Solving01:23

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The thermal expansion of a metal rod shows the application of the Chain Rule when one physical quantity depends on another that varies with time. As the rod is heated, its length changes according to linear thermal expansion, while the temperature of the system varies quadratically with time.For linear thermal expansion, the length L of the rod depends on temperature T such that the rate of change of length with respect to temperature is constant:where L0 = 2 m is the initial length of...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
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Semiflexible Chains at Surfaces: Worm-Like Chains and beyond.

Jörg Baschnagel1, Hendrik Meyer2, Joachim Wittmer3

  • 1Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS-UdS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France. jorg.baschnagel@ics-cnrs.unistra.fr.

Polymers
|April 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines semiflexible chains near surfaces, focusing on the worm-like-chain (WLC) model and advanced biofilament models. It analyzes static properties in confined and adsorbed layers, offering new insights into their complex surface behavior.

Keywords:
biopolymerspolymers at interfacessemiflexible polymers

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical physics
  • Polymer physics
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Semiflexible chains exhibit complex behavior near surfaces.
  • The worm-like-chain (WLC) model is a standard but often insufficient descriptor for biofilaments.
  • Understanding surface interactions is crucial for biological and material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent numerical and analytical studies on semiflexible chains near surfaces.
  • To analyze the static properties of chains in confined and adsorbed layers.
  • To present and analyze augmented models beyond the standard WLC model for biofilaments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of numerical and analytical studies.
  • Statistical physics approaches for confined and adsorbed layers.
  • Analysis of augmented models including helical, polymorphic, and nonlinear elasticity models.

Main Results:

  • The WLC model's limitations for certain biofilaments are highlighted.
  • Surface behavior of thin confined, 2D, and adsorption layers is discussed.
  • Augmented models show promise for describing complex biofilament surface interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced models are necessary to fully capture the surface behavior of diverse biofilaments.
  • This work provides a broader perspective on semiflexible chain surface physics.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate complex surface phenomena in biopolymer systems.