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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are molecules bearing a carbonyl and alkene functionality in conjugation with each other. The conjugation in the molecule leads to three resonance structures. The hybrid form exhibits two probable electrophilic sites: the carbonyl carbon and the β carbon.
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Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
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Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure
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Highly Branched Bio-Based Unsaturated Polyesters by Enzymatic Polymerization.

Hiep Dinh Nguyen1, David Löf2, Søren Hvilsted3

  • 1Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. ndinhhiep@gmail.com.

Polymers
|April 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel enzyme-catalyzed method efficiently produces branched polyesters from bio-based materials. This robust process allows tunable polyester structures for potential use in alkyd binders.

Keywords:
controlled glass transition temperaturecrosslinkable polyestersenzymatic synthesishighly branched polyestersone pot synthesispentaerythritol

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biocatalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Current industrial polyester production methods can be energy-intensive and rely on petroleum-based feedstocks.
  • Enzymatic polymerization offers a greener alternative, utilizing biocatalysts for synthesis under milder conditions.
  • Alkyd resins, widely used as binders, are typically synthesized through traditional polycondensation methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a one-pot, enzyme-catalyzed bulk polymerization method for direct production of highly branched polyesters.
  • To investigate the potential of enzymatic synthesis for creating alkyd binders using bio-based feedstocks.
  • To explore the tunability of polyester properties, such as molar mass and structure, through this novel method.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized immobilized *Candida antarctica* lipase B (CALB) for polymerization.
  • Employed bio-based feed components: glycerol, pentaerythritol, azelaic acid, and tall oil fatty acid (TOFA).
  • Investigated the use of glycerol and pentaerythritol as alcohol sources in enzymatic polyester synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed a robust, one-pot, enzyme-catalyzed bulk polymerization method.
  • Demonstrated the use of both glycerol and pentaerythritol as alcohol sources for branched polyester synthesis.
  • Achieved tunable polyester structures and molar masses without premature gelation.
  • Postpolymerization crosslinking showed potential for use as alkyd binders.
  • Resulting films exhibited good UV stability, high water contact angles (up to 141°), and controllable glass transition temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed enzymatic method provides an efficient and versatile route to highly branched polyesters from renewable resources.
  • This approach offers a sustainable alternative for producing polyester precursors for alkyd resins.
  • The ability to tailor polyester properties facilitates the design of advanced materials with specific performance characteristics.