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Unlike parametric methods, nonparametric statistics are ideal for nominal and ordinal data, requiring fewer assumptions about the population's nature or distribution. This makes nonparametric methods easier to apply and interpret, as they do not depend on parameters like mean or standard deviation. One common approach in nonparametric analysis is to sort data according to a specific criterion. For instance, we might arrange weather data from hottest to coldest days in a month or rank cities...
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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

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Ranked Sense Multiple Access Control Protocol for Multichannel Cognitive Radio-Based IoT Networks.

Muhammad Shafiq1, Pankaj Singh2, Imran Ashraf3

  • 1Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea. shafiq.pu@gmail.com.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The new Ranked Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (RSMA/CA) protocol enhances cognitive radio (CR) networks for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). It efficiently manages spectrum access and resolves hidden terminal issues, improving overall network performance.

Keywords:
CSMA/CAIoTcarrier sensingrendezvousspectrum sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication
  • Internet-of-Things (IoT)
  • Cognitive Radio (CR) Networks

Background:

  • The proliferation of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices strains license-exempt Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) bands, leading to spectrum scarcity.
  • Cognitive Radio (CR) technology offers a solution by enabling unlicensed Secondary Users (SUs) to opportunistically access licensed spectrum white spaces.
  • CR ad hoc networks are suitable for IoT but face challenges like the rendezvous issue and hidden primary terminal problems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel protocol for multichannel CR-based IoT networks to address spectrum scarcity and network inefficiencies.
  • To resolve the hidden primary terminal problem and mitigate hidden/exposed terminal issues in CR ad hoc networks.
  • To improve the efficiency of channel selection and the rendezvous process in CR-based IoT systems.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the Ranked Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (RSMA/CA) protocol.
  • Implementation of mutual spectrum sensing to avoid hidden and exposed terminal problems.
  • Development of a new channel ranking mechanism considering channel quality, Primary User (PU) activity, and Secondary User (SU) behavior.
  • Performance analysis using a Markov chain model to evaluate normalized throughput.

Main Results:

  • The proposed RSMA/CA protocol effectively resolves the hidden primary terminal problem.
  • Mutual spectrum sensing in RSMA/CA successfully avoids hidden and exposed terminal issues.
  • The new channel ranking mechanism enhances rendezvous efficiency.
  • Markov chain analysis and simulations demonstrate superior performance of RSMA/CA compared to existing schemes.

Conclusions:

  • RSMA/CA provides an efficient solution for spectrum access in multichannel CR-based IoT networks.
  • The protocol significantly improves network performance by addressing key challenges in CR ad hoc networks.
  • RSMA/CA offers a robust framework for opportunistic spectrum access, crucial for the growing IoT ecosystem.