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Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues
Published on: December 4, 2013
TNFα inhibitors as targets for protective therapies in MSA: a viewpoint
Alain Ndayisaba1, Kurt Jellinger2, Thomas Berger3
1Division of Clinical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
Abstract:
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a unique and fatal α-synucleinopathy associated with oligodendroglial inclusions and secondary neurodegeneration affecting striatum, substantia nigra, pons, and cerebellum. The pathogenesis remains elusive; however, there is emerging evidence suggesting a prominent role of neuroinflammation. Here, we critically review the relationship between αS and microglial activation depending on its aggregation state and its role in neuroinflammation to explore the potential of TNFα inhibitors as a treatment strategy for MSA and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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