Web Exclusive. Annals Story Slam - Against All Odds
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An even signal, whether in continuous-time or discrete-time, is defined by its symmetry with its time-reversed version. Mathematically, this is represented as
for continuous-time signals and
for discrete-time signals. Even signals exhibit symmetry around the vertical axis, meaning the signal for negative time values mirrors that for positive time values.
In contrast, a signal is termed odd if it does not match its time-reversed counterpart, represented by
for continuous-time signals and
for...
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The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used extensively in epidemiology and research to quantify the strength of association between exposure and outcome across different groups. Unlike relative risk, which compares the probabilities of an event occurring, the odds ratio compares the odds of an event occurring in the exposed group to the odds of it occurring in the unexposed group. The odds, in this context, are calculated as the probability of the event happening divided by the...
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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
The number of the principal quantum shell, n,
The letter that designates the orbital type (the subshell, l), and
A superscript number that designates the number of electrons in that particular subshell.
For example, the notation 2p4 indicates four electrons in a p subshell (l = 1) with a principal...
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In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
Silica particles offer advantages such as rigidity,...
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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
Odd-electron molecules have an odd number of valence electrons and therefore have an unpaired electron.
Electron-deficient molecules have a central atom with fewer electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration.
Hypervalent molecules have a central atom that has more electrons than needed for a noble gas configuration.
Odd-electron...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Another...