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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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By definition, a spherically symmetric body has the same moment of inertia about any axis passing through its center of mass. This situation changes if there is no spherical symmetry. Since most rigid bodies are not spherically symmetric, these require special treatment.
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Highly Reproducible Physiological Asymmetric Membrane with Freely Diffusing Embedded Proteins in a 3D-Printed

Paul Heo1, Sathish Ramakrishnan1,2, Jeff Coleman2

  • 1Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75005, France.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 13, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a 3D-printed chip for creating stable, free-standing model membranes. This new system allows for precise control and monitoring of lipid bilayers and embedded proteins, advancing in vitro biological studies.

Keywords:
3D-printingfluorescence recovery after photobleachinghorizontal free-standing bilayersmicrofluidic chipsoriented protein insertion

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Traditional model membrane experimental setups have limitations in fully mimicking and monitoring in vitro biological processes.
  • Existing techniques often fail to replicate the complex, dynamic nature of native cell membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate a novel suspended physiological bilayer-forming chip.
  • To enable simultaneous integration with advanced microscopy and electrophysiology.
  • To overcome limitations of current in vitro membrane models for studying biological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D-printing techniques with poly(dimethylsiloxane) to create a chip with a ≈100 µm hole.
  • Developed a horizontal planar bilayer formation method connecting two open crossed-channels.
  • Integrated the chip with confocal microscopy and patch-clamp amplification for simultaneous monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed stable, fluid, solvent-free, and flat free-standing bilayers using 14 physiologically relevant lipids.
  • Achieved highly reproducible bilayer formation and enabled the creation of asymmetric lipid bilayers.
  • Demonstrated controlled incorporation and preserved native mobility/activity of transmembrane, peripheral, and pore-forming proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed suspended bilayer chip offers a robust platform for in vitro membrane studies.
  • This system closely recapitulates physiological membrane conditions, allowing for advanced research.
  • Enables precise manipulation and monitoring of lipid bilayers and membrane proteins for biological insights.