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Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum02:37

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

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A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
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UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

UV–Vis Spectrum

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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

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An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
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Transarterial Administration of Oncolytic Viruses for Locoregional Therapy of Orthotopic HCC in Rats
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Polyploidy spectrum: a new marker in HCC classification.

Myriam Bou-Nader1, Stefano Caruso2, Romain Donne1

  • 1Team Proliferation Stress and Liver Physiopathology, Genome and Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.

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Polyploidy in liver cells changes during cancer development. While cellular polyploidy decreases in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), nuclear polyploidy increases, correlating with poor prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Polyploidy, characterized by DNA content (nuclear ploidy) and nuclei number (cellular ploidy), is a key feature of liver parenchyma.
  • The specific role of polyploidy in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between specific polyploidy spectra and the clinical and molecular characteristics of HCC.
  • To understand how changes in cellular and nuclear ploidy occur during liver tumorigenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative and qualitative in situ imaging of paraffin-embedded liver sections from HCC patients and healthy controls.
  • Determination of ploidy spectra, including nuclear and cellular ploidy, in liver tissues.

Main Results:

  • Polyploid hepatocytes, primarily binuclear, are abundant in normal liver parenchyma but significantly reduced in HCC.
  • Nuclear ploidy is amplified in HCC, particularly in tumors with poor differentiation and TP53 mutations.
  • Highly polyploid tumors are linked to a worse prognosis in HCC patients.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the critical importance of quantifying cellular and nuclear ploidy spectra in understanding HCC development.
  • Altered ploidy profiles are significant indicators of HCC progression and patient outcomes.