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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Measurement is an indispensable part of analytical chemistry. The result of measurement helps quantify a substance's physical property and compare it with the physical property of another substance. Each measurement comprises two components - a number indicating the magnitude and a unit of measurement as a standard for comparison. Further, the same quantity can be measured using different units of measurement, which leads to differences in magnitude.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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[Gestational diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)].

Alexandra Kautzky-Willer1, Jürgen Harreiter2, Yvonne Winhofer-Stöckl2

  • 1Gender Medicine Unit, Klinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Wien, Österreich. alexandra.kautzky-willer@meduniwien.ac.at.

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|April 14, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) requires careful screening and management during pregnancy. Early detection and intervention, including lifestyle changes and potential insulin therapy, are crucial for maternal and infant health.

Keywords:
Diabetic fetopathyGestational diabetes mellitusPregnancyPregnancy complicationsType 2 diabetes mellitus

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy-specific glucose intolerance linked to adverse maternal and infant outcomes.
  • Early identification of GDM and pre-existing diabetes is critical for effective management.
  • Risk factors for GDM include a history of GDM, obesity, advanced maternal age, and specific ethnic backgrounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic criteria and screening recommendations for GDM.
  • To detail management strategies for GDM, including lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapy.
  • To emphasize the importance of postpartum follow-up and long-term risk assessment for type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in early pregnancy for high-risk women.
  • Diagnosis of GDM using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) based on WHO criteria.
  • Management involving nutritional counseling, self-monitoring of blood glucose, physical activity, and insulin therapy if needed.

Main Results:

  • GDM diagnosis is based on specific fasting and post-load glucose levels during OGTT.
  • Strict metabolic control is mandatory, with therapeutic ranges for fasting and postprandial glucose.
  • Postpartum OGTT is essential for reclassifying glucose tolerance and informing women of their increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Effective GDM management requires timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and continuous monitoring.
  • Women with GDM have a significantly increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
  • Comprehensive care includes maternal and fetal monitoring, neonatal assessment, and family-wide lifestyle recommendations.